Panama Essays - Panama Canal, Panama, Republics,

Panama The official name of Panama is the Republic of Panama or (Rep?blica de Panam?). Panama is located on the narrowest and lowest part of the Isthmus of Panama that links North America and South America. This part of the isthmus is situated between 7? and 10? north latitude and 77? and 83? west longitude. Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina, approximately 77,082 square kilometers. The countrys two coastlines are referred to as the Caribbean and Pacific, rather than the north and south coasts. To the east is Colombia and to the west Costa Rica. Pacific. Dominant features of their landform is highlands forming the continental divide. The higher elevations near borders with Costa Rica and Colombia. The highest point in the country is the Volc?n Bar? which rises to almost 3,500 meters. The lowest elevation is in the middle of the country where it is crossed by the Panama Canal. Most of the population is on the Pacific side of the divide. The population of the country is around 2.8 million with a growth rate of 1.5%. The racial and ethnic groups are 65% mestizo, 14% African descent, 10% Spanish descent, 10% Indian. The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant, and 5% Islamic. Spanish is the official language, though United States influence and the canal zone reinforce the use of English as a second language. Panama's arts show its ethnic mix. Indian tribes, West Indian groups, mestizos, Chinese, Middle Eastern, Swiss, Yugoslav and North American immigrants have all offer contributed ingredients to the culture. Traditional arts are woodcarving, weaving, ceramics and mask-making. The capital city is Panama City with major cities of Colon, Bocas del Toro, Potobelo, El porvenir, Santiago, Tocumen, La Palma, David, Balboa, and el Dorado. Political culture traditionally characterized by personalism, the tendency to give one's political loyalties to an individual rather than to a party. Politics from 1968 until his death in 1981 dominated by General Omar Torrijos Herrera, Their form of government is Executive under provisions of their 1972 Constitution, as amended in 1978 and 1983. The chief executive is president of the republic, he is assisted by two vice presidents, all elected by popular vote for five-year terms. The unit of currency is the Balboa which is equal to the United States dollar. Balboas are available only in coins. Almost 500 rivers intertwine through Panama's landscape. Many of these rivers originated as swift highland streams. The R?o Chepo and the R?o Chagres are sources of hydroelectric power. The R?o Chagres is one of the longest and most vital of the 150 rivers that flow into the Caribbean. A part of this river was dammed to create Gatun Lake, which forms a major part of the transit route between the locks near each end of the canal. Panama has a tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity year round. Seasons determined by rainfall rather than by changes in temperature. The country is divided into nine provinces, plus the Comarca de San Blas, which is treated as part of Col?n Province. The provincial borders have not changed since they were determined at independence in 1903. The provinces are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into sections called corregimientos. The country claims the seabed of the continental shelf, which has been defined by Panama. In addition, a 1958 law asserts jurisdiction over 12 nautical miles from the coastlines, and in 1968the government announced a claim to a 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The major port on the Pacific coastline is Balboa. The principal islands are Archipi?lago de las Perlas in the middle of the Gulf of Panama, the penal colony, and the island of Taboga, a tourist attraction that can be seen from Panama City. In all, there are some 1,000 islands off the Pacific coast. The Pacific coastal waters are extraordinarily shallow. Depths of 180 meters are reached only outside the perimeters of both the Gulf of Panama and the Golfo de Chiriqu?, and wide mud flats extend up to 70 kilometers from the coastlines. As a result, the tidal range is outrageous. A difference of about 70 centimeters between high and low water on the Caribbean coast contrasts sharply with over 700 centimeters on

Community Placement in a Resources Center Essay Example

Community Placement in a Resources Center Essay Example Community Placement in a Resources Center Essay Community Placement in a Resources Center Essay This is a brooding essay taking to give an account and in depth analysis of a non governmental Scottish charity undertaking run by Muslim adult females for Muslim adult females in Glasgow, with a position of placing good pattern, relevancy to public wellness pattern development and the application of the theory to pattern. The topic of community arrangement will be referred to a the resource centre through out this contemplation in order to protect the existent names and individualities of the centre and its staff. The resource centre handles societal affairs like racial torment, mourning, divorce instances, entree to instruction, forced matrimonies, in-migration affairs, mental wellness issues, relationship affairs, lodging issues and domestic maltreatment. A community Development undertaking should be able to show the public wellness pattern in entireness, use the public wellness theories and set into pattern the community development principles one of which is being able to turn to the precedence demand of the community with their full engagement thereby authorising them and most significantly working within the societal theoretical account of wellness. The societal theoretical account of wellness is a theoretical frame work which considers the wellness of persons and the community as a consequence of complex and interacting societal, economic, environmental and personal factors. This model operates on the belief that improved wellness and well-being is achieved by concentrating on the societal and environmental determiners of wellness in tandem with biological and medical factors. A The benefit of working within the societal theoretical account of wellness is that it permits persons and communities to build their ain definition of wellness and hence, place of import factors that influence wellness depending on the specific context. The construct of a community is based on the idea that how people behave and their well-being is influenced by their interaction with others and an grounds based definition of a community is a group of people with diverse features who are linked by societal ties, portion common positions and prosecute in joint action in geographical scene or location.This definition therefore qualifies the Muslim adult females in Glasgow North as a community. For the intent of this essay I would be concentrating on Domestic Abuse. This write-up will travel a long manner to explicate and critically analyze the extent to which the protection, proviso and bar of domestic force against adult females project identifies with public wellness pattern. A brief reappraisal of literature domestic maltreatment will be discussed thenceforth. I will afterwards analyze the undertaking while discoursing issues like planning and resource allotment, methodological analysis, monitoring and rating as good public wellness patterns identified in the undertaking. I intend to eventually discourse the contemplation and relevancy of the survey while doing the necessary recommendations. Definition Domestic maltreatment could be defined as any incident of endangering behaviour, force, or maltreatment ( psychological, physical, sexual, fiscal, and emotional ) between grownups who are or have been in intimate spouses or household members irrespective of gender or gender. Gender-based force includes a host of harmful behaviors that are directed at adult females and misss because of their sex, including married woman maltreatment, sexual assault, dowry-related slaying, matrimonial colza, selective undernourishment of female kids, forced harlotry, female venereal mutilation and sexual maltreatment of female kids. Vulnerable individuals or a kid in the environment where they are witnessing domestic maltreatment are besides inclusive. The British Medical Association had in 2006 explained in its publication that a kid who has witnessed domestic maltreatment has an increased hazard of sing mental wellness jobs. The Scottish Partnership for domestic maltreatment gave a broad ranging and comprehensive definition of domestic maltreatment as follows: Domestic maltreatment can be perpetrated by spouses or ex-partners and can include physical maltreatment ( assault and physical onslaught affecting a scope of behavior ) , sexual maltreatment ( Acts of the Apostless which degrade and humiliate adult females and are perpetrated against their will, including colza ) and mental/emotional maltreatment ( such as menaces, verbal maltreatment, keep backing money and other types of commanding behaviour such as isolation from household or friends ) . Children are witness to and subjected to much of this maltreatment ; there is a correlativity between domestic maltreatment and the mental, physical and sexual maltreatment of kids. Domestic maltreatment is associated with broader inequalities in society, is portion of a scope of behavior representing male maltreatment of power, and is linked to other signifiers of male force, such as colza and kid maltreatment. Domestic maltreatment occurs in all societal groups, is non caused by emphasis, unemployment, poorness, intoxicant or mental unwellness, or by the adult female who experiences the maltreatment. The scope of common effects of domestic maltreatment includes physical hurt, hapless wellness and a scope of psychological troubles. The effects on kids who may witness the maltreatment, or who may be used in the maltreatment, are besides recognised as including a scope of signifiers of emphasis or fright, every bit good as the extra correlativity between domestic maltreatment and child sexual maltreatment. Violence against adult females has late been recognized by the United Nations as a cardinal maltreatment of adult females s human rights. The sensitivenesss and stigma associated with domestic force, the conceptualisation of it chiefly as a judicial and legal issue, and the deficiency of informations on the dimensions of maltreatment, have hampered apprehension and the development of appropriate intercessions. Relationship force is the figure one cause of hurt to adult females ages 15-44: more that rapes, muggings and auto accidents combined. There are fundamentally four chief types of domestic maltreatment: Physical maltreatment. This consists of any act one individual does to be given to do the other individual physical hurting. This includes amongst other things, slapping, squeezing, pluging, forcing, throwing objects at another individual, assailing person with an object or anything that brings approximately physical hurting or uncomfortableness to another. The attendant consequence of Physical maltreatment are contusions, black eyes, knocked out dentitions, broken castanetss, internal organ hurts, abortion, encephalon concussions, and even decease. Death is normally the most terrible effect of an act of domestic maltreatment. About 1 in 3 big adult females experience at least one physical assault by a spouse during maturity. Sexual maltreatment. Sexual maltreatment encompasses any signifier of debasement, use, force or control of sex. Every twelvemonth about 132,000 adult females study that they have been victims of colza or attempted colza, and more than half of them knew their attackers ; Every twelvemonth 1.2 million adult females are forcibly raped by their current or former male spouses, some more than one time. It s estimated that two to six times that many adult females are raped, but do non describe it. For every 1 colza that IS reported, 10 are NOT reported. Sixteen per cent of adult females and two per cent of work forces who have been a victim of any type of spouse maltreatment since the age of 16s have experienced sexual assault by a spouse. In add-on to the assault itself, adult females who suffer serious sexual assault suffer a scope of physical and mental hurts. Globally between 6 and 47 per cent of big adult females study being sexually assaulted by intimate spouses in their life-time. Forced or coercive sexual intercourse with an HIV septic spouse is one of the most common paths of transmittal of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) . Psychological maltreatment. Domestic maltreatment has long-run effects on the mental wellness of its victims. Over a 3rd of female victims and a ten percent of male victims are likely to endure ( self-defined ) emotional jobs as a consequence. The maltreatment is perpetrated by a domestic spouse to keep power and control in the relationship. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) reported in 2000 that abused adult females are more likely to endure from depression, anxiousness, psychosomatic symptoms, eating jobs and sexual disfunction. Male victims of domestic maltreatment are besides at hazard of increased depression but at lower rates than in adult females. In general, approximately 80 % of both court-referred and self-referred work forces in these domestic force surveies exhibited diagnosable abnormal psychology, typically personality upsets. Estimates of personality upset in the general population would be more in the 15-20 % scope [ ] As force becomes more terrible and chronic, the likeliness of abnormal psychology in these work forces approaches 100 % . Dutton has nevertheless suggested a psychological profile of work forces who abuse their married womans, reasoning that they have marginal personalities that are developed early in life. Fiscal maltreatment. Fiscal maltreatment most commonly occurs nem con with other signifiers of maltreatment by the maltreater to command a victim by insulating her from all entree to finance/money, and include stealing money, utilizing person s recognition without consent, prohibiting person to work, coercing person to work in a threatening or unsafe occupation ( for case, coercing person to sell drugs or make sex work ) , or prohibiting person entree to their ain money. Fiscal maltreatment is more normally seen in older people or people with disablements as they may be reliant on a close friend, comparative or attention worker to roll up their pensions, organise their bank histories, or move on their behalf on most fiscal affairs. Harmonizing to 2007 statistics from the Prevalence Survey Report by King s College, London and the National Centre for Social Research on behalf of Comic Relief and the Department of Health, about 57,000 people aged 66 and over had experienced fiscal maltreatment in the past twelvemonth. This falls in line with the old research carried out by Action on Elder Abuse, which revealed that 20 per cent of calls to its helpline were about fiscal maltreatment, doing it the 2nd most widespread type to be brought to the help-line s attending. EPIDEMIOLOGY/LITERATURE REVIEW OF DOMESTIC ABUSE Domestic maltreatment histories for 33 % of all the instances handled in this undertaking. Womans are more of the victims and work forces the culprits. This may non be a true representation of the extent of domestic maltreatment in Scotland as the undertaking deals with a little population of people in a little community in Glasgow. A survey by the Home Office has revealed that about 92 adult females are killed every hebdomad by a current or former spouse. This nevertheless constitutes 32 % of female homicides in the United Kingdom. This equates to one adult female every three yearss. A Research carried out over a nine months period by the constabulary recorded about 25,000 domestic incidents. More of the incident was recorded in the Grampian constabulary country with 766 incidents per 100,000 people and 363 per 100,000 in cardinal Scotland giving a Scots norm of 529 per 100,000 populations. Though this research was carried out over a long period of clip and involved a larger population which is a good research quality, it is arguable that it may non be a good step of the extent of domestic maltreatment in Scotland because non all instances of domestic maltreatment are reported to the constabulary or recorded by them. It is besides known that incidents between those with a stopping point relationship are peculia rly improbable to be reported to the constabulary. The Data on sex of the victim and culprit besides showed that 92 % of the incident recorded that the victim was female and the culprit male this may non besides be wholly true as some beginnings systematically reports that work forces are less likely to describe being victims of domestic maltreatment. The Scots Crime Survey ( SCS ) attempts to get the better of some of the jobs with constabularies statistics by transporting out a family study which involved inquiring people about their experience as victims.they study picked up study more offense than the official constabulary figures, because as celebrated above, non all offense gets reported to the constabulary, or recorded by them. The study had some challenges some of which are the fact that respondents were sometimes loath to uncover experiences to interviewers because they are afraid, or see the affair excessively private, abashing or straitening. It can besides be hard for interviewers to guarantee that no other member of the family is present when the study is being carried out and merely people populating in private families are included those in safeties are non covered by the SCS which could impact the consequence of the study. The 1996 SCS included for the first clip in the self-completion questionnaire inquiries on the respondent s experiences of domestic force. The figures derived from the study are based on a comparatively wide definition covering male and female victims of menaces or force from spouses or ex-partners defined as any hubby, married woman fellow or girlfriend. It besides includes all incidents, irrespective of where they took topographic point, in the past twelvemonth, or of all time. Sixteen per cent of the violent offenses reported to the SCS were classified as domestic and accounted for 30 % of all violent offenses against adult females. Six per cent of adult females and 3 % of work forces ( aged between 16 and 59 ) said that their spouse had used force against them in the last twelvemonth but 75 % of all respondents said that the incident had non been reported to the constabulary. Besides, adult females were more likely to hold been injured ( 79 % ) compared to work forces ( 59 % ) . Thirteen per cent of all respondents reported being the victim of either menaces or force from a spouse in 1995. Women reported higher victimization rates than work forces with 6 % stating they had been the victims of either menaces or force in the last twelvemonth compared to 4 % of work forces. Sing lifetime experiences, 17 % of adult females and 9 % of work forces reported being a victim of either menace or force by a spouse while 12 % of adult females and 5 % of work forces reported sing both menaces and force from a spouse. Of those who had of all time been threatened by a spouse 66 % considered that they had been a victim of domestic force while 60 % of those who had experienced the usage of force from a spouse thought that they had been a victim of domestic force. A recent equivalent offense study for England and Wales, the 1999 British Crime Survey ( BCS ) found that 23 % of adult females and 15 % of work forces had experienced domestic assault in their life-time. Like the SCS, the BCS found that adult females were significantly more badly affected than work forces being twice every bit likely to be injured in onslaughts and more likely to hold been the victim of perennial onslaughts. The united state considered that they range prevarications between 25 % and 50 % of all the adult females in the universe holding experient physical maltreatment by spouse A WHO survey based on interview with more than 24,000 adult females from rural and urban countries in 10 states carried out in coaction with London school of Hygiene and tropical medical specialty, PATH and National research institute and adult females organisation in the participating states which are Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and United Republic of Tanzania show that adult females are more at hazard of force at place than in the street which has serious reverberation for adult females s wellness.The survey besides shows how of import it is to reflect a limelight on domestic force globally and handle it as a major public wellness issue. Kenny MacAskill, the Scots Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Member of the Scottish Parliament has provided the following tabular array which shows the information available on the figure of incidents of domestic maltreatment recorded by the constabulary, by constabularies force country, where sex of victim was recorded, Scotland, 1999-2000 to 2007-08. Approximately half of all incidents recorded lead to a offense or offense being recorded by the constabulary. Police Force 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded Female Male Female Male Female Male Cardinal 1,300 121 1,407 129 1,781 149 Dumfries and Galloway 653 47 626 72 876 113 Fife 2,569 180 2,013 87 1,868 60 Grampian 3,660 343 3,848 363 3,607 327 Lothian and Boundary lines 6,390 384 6,598 341 6,196 484 Northern 495 53 1,584 237 1,560 197 Strathclyde 13,135 1,244 13,228 1,268 13,572 1,564 Tayside 2,311 152 2,935 376 2,540 316 Scotland 30,513 2,524 32,239 2,873 32,000 3,210 Police Force 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded Female Male Female Male Female Male Cardinal 1,471 149 1,651 162 1,863 181 Dumfries and Galloway 802 98 751 108 931 124 Fife 1,851 69 2,020 100 2,523 205 Grampian 3,693 435 3,756 513 3,810 563 Lothian and Boundary lines 6,516 648 6,862 714 6,974 861 Northern 1,444 136 1,453 162 1,358 167 Strathclyde 13,533 1,630 16,096 2,000 17,642 2,390 Tayside 2,967 385 3,549 281 3,049 466 Scotland 32,277 3,550 36,138 4,040 38,150 4,957 A Police Force 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded All Incidents Where Sexual activity Recorded Female Male Female Male Female Male Cardinal 1,787 177 2,249 203 2,887 384 Dumfries and Galloway 1,015 176 1,057 180 1,057 147 Fife 2,980 259 3,325 364 3,460 460 Grampian 3,106 454 2,760 377 2,979 427 Lothian and Boundary lines 7,708 916 8,614 1,002 7,788 1,178 Northern 1,383 171 1,086 138 1,014 123 Strathclyde 18,615 2,760 20,091 3,215 20,185 3,497 Tayside 3,246 534 3,182 525 3,132 537 Scotland 39,840 5,447 42,364 6,004 42,502 6,753 A Incidents of domestic maltreatment recorded by the constabulary: Crimes A ; offenses and behavior non amounting to a offense or offense, Scotland, 2000-01 to 2008-09. THE RESOURCE CENTER They Resource centre started its journey in 1997 and opened its doors to the populace in April 2002. It is a Scots charity run by adult females with the intent of interrupting down barriers and enabling Muslim adult females to take part in all facet of society without holding to compromise their belief and values. The critical demands and concern identified are: 1. Lack of cognition of aid available taking to hapless take up of mainstream services by Muslim adult females in demand. 2. Lack of assurance that they mainstream services will be able to understand the issues impacting them and institutional favoritism forestalling consumption of services 3. Addition in Islamophobia and fright of favoritism and torment taking to diminishing interaction with mainstream society at all degrees 4. Family and marriage jobs In order to turn to these concerns, they operate at three different degrees: Working with policy shapers and mainstream supplier to get the better of the barriers to civic engagement and entree to services ; set abouting development work to construct the assurance of Muslim adult females, address their issues and advance societal coherence and supplying a scope of direct assisting services to adult females in a manner that meets their specific needs the 24 hr aid line operates SCOTLAND broad from Glasgow office and Dundee. They center is managed by both staff and voluntaries who give high quality service to the community and in return receive preparation, work experience, make New friends and frequently increase their assurance, accomplishments and cognition. The Resource centre being wholly a voluntary organisation it receives funding from the council, Voluntary action fund, Scottish community foundation, Gannochy trust, Culture and athletics Glasgow, and adult females s Fund for Scotland. The centre is service user positive and involves full engagement from people of the community. they center has bead in Sessionss for clients during hebdomad yearss, free entree to computing machines and a resource library incorporating an spread outing scope of books, cusps, magazines, on different The Resource Centre is service user positive and involved full engagement of the clients and subjects particularly on Islamic subjects peculiarly Focused towards adult females. Information on services and resources in Glasgow and remainder of Scotland is besides available in the library. The centre receives clients from different cultural beginning. From January to December 2008 the cultural beginning of clients and their per centums are. Scots 1 % , Somalia 1 % , Srilanka 1 % , Anon 36 % , Afghanistan 2 % , African @ % , Arab 2 % , Bangladeshi 4 % , British 4 % , Eastern Europe 2 % , Egypt 1 % , Indian 45, Persian 1 % , Israeli 2 % , Iraqi 1 % , Kurdish 2 % , Malayan 1 % , Maroc 2 % , and Pakistani 42 % . And the linguistic communication accomplishment within the centre, spoken by the clients, voluntaries and staff within the centre includes. English, Arabic, Bengali, Cutchi, Farsi, French, Gujerati, Hindi, Kurdish, Punjabi, pushtu, Somali, Swahili, Turkish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Russian, and Italian. Partnership With more than 2000 clients and 60 voluntaries, the centre carry out Community development undertakings supplying listening ear to Muslim adult females and to foster it aims, they resource centre is actively involved in the undermentioned partnerships and Advisory groups to enable community coherence, and overcome stereotypes and misconstruing between communities. partnership is really good as it reduces fraudulence of attempt and better use of resources to guarantee that more demand based and priority undertakings are done though some writers feels that the ground for partnership working comprise of the demand for joint addition to accomplish consequences better than that which would be achieved by an single group. The resource centre is actively involved in the undermentioned partnership and consultative groups ; The Black and Ethnic minority substructure in Scotland ( BEMIS ) -represented on board of Directors, Scottish adult females s convention ( SWC ) , Women national committee ; Muslim adult females s web ( MWN ) represented on webs, Equal chance Commission ( EOC ) represented on Advisory, Glasgow Violence Against adult females partnership ( GVAWP ) , Glasgow south BME Community safety Forum, Glasgow South and metropolis broad Area Implementation Groups ( AIGS ) , Govanhill colony and integrating Network, Cruse Bereavement attention Scotland, Scottish Marriage attention, REACH Community Health Project, Taleem Trust, Violence Against Women, Highlands wellbeing Alliance Inverness, Aberdeen City Council, Home office Forced matrimony unit, YYI centre Dundee, Grampian constabulary Aberdeen, GCC Culture and Sport Glasgow, Career Scotland, Community acquisition, Gorgals community forum, Faith in community Scotland, Glasgow adult females library, Women athletics undertaking, Greater Glagow developing pool, Hemat Gryffe adult females assistance, Strathclyde constabularies, NHS SCOTLAND, Voluntary Action Fund, Arklet Housing Association, Rape crisis Scotland, Proc urator financial office, Castle milk jurisprudence Centre, Volunteer Scotland, REED in partnership, REMIT ( Recruitment of cultural Minority into learning ) , THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Domestic Abuse has over the old ages been the highest per centum of all instances presented by clients at the centre thereby taking to the development of the Protection, Provision, Prevention of Violence Against Women undertaking ( PPP Project ) The undertaking aims to Prevent, Protect, and Provide in relation to Get the better ofing Violence against adult females and domestic Abuse. Prevention is aimed to raise consciousness of the issue within the community and overcome stigma to get the better of cultural attitudes that condone maltreatment by Educating adult females and adult male in the community about Islamic values and opinions that forbid such behaviour. Protection: To increase adult females s consciousness of mainstream support services available to assist supply preparation and support to mainstream organisations helping them develop religion and culturally appropriate support and to feed into policy development to guarantee policies that will back up development of mainstream religion and culturally sensitive services for Muslim and other minority cultural adult females. Provision aims to supply advice and support to single adult females confronting domestic maltreatment. The Undertaking has gone through exciting alterations and has been expanded to Scotland broad. Two development officers of north and south Scotland runs the undertaking in partnership with 15 organisations and it receives funding from Scots Government until 2011. The Approach in usage to accomplish the purposes of the undertaking includes ; 1. Information and Advice-Free, confidential, religion and culturally non judgmental information and advice on Domestic Abuse and household issues is provided chiefly through bead in Sessionss and besides by assignment. Service users ab initio receive appraisal and aid on their first visit and may be referred with their understanding for other services in the centre or elsewhere. The service is provided in the service user preferable linguistic communication as most of the staff and voluntaries are bilingual and translators are besides available. 2. Advocacy: This is a service where the service user is spoken on behalf of if she is non confident in seting frontward her ain instance, guaranting that she understands all facets of the state of affairs and that her positions are good represented. Three degrees of protagonism is being provided by the project-supported referral where the service user is accompanied to one or two assignments with an bureau to help with the debut to the service. These include: on-going professional protagonism by telephone ; face to face with the service user and ongoing protagonism in household issues. Besides through representations in the acquisition nexus Scotland policy and Executive commission, consciousness is being drawn to the demands and issues impacting Muslim adult females entree to acquisition and instruction. Advocacy besides provides a voice for Muslim adult females that contribute to the authorities audiences, policy, and Strategy in grownup acquisition issues. 3. Guidance: This service is provided by trained voluntary counsellors and reding attack is used with the service users to enable them do informed determination and picks. For many adult females this helps them to speak through personal issues while besides having practical aid, and for bulk of the clients the discovery this attack really appropriate. Formal guidance utilizing individual centered attack is besides provided where necessary. 4. Provision of Helpline and Help mail: The helpline service is to offer information, advice and a listening ear in a religion and culturally sensitive manner. Majority of the calls continue to be about Domestic Abuse, closely followed by adult females by adult females seeking Islamic advice and information about lodging rights and issues. The Helpline operators speak English and besides have available translators and they use assorted mediums to make out to the most vulnerable and stray Muslim adult females in Scotland. They helpline staff continue to endeavor to work in partnership with both mainstream and private sector organisation to guarantee that the Muslim adult females are able to prosecute and voice out their demands in the society. They Help mail is a dedicated confidential electronic mail reference available for adult females who would prefer the mail.its receives over 200 mails and its increasing going popular with bureaus seeking advice and information on issues referin g Muslim adult females. 5. Provision of friends and support to isolated, lonely and abused Muslim adult females who lack assurance to make things entirely. The befrienders are matched with the befriebdees harmonizing to involvements and demands. Soon there about 16 befrienders who are available and willing to be matched with the adult females in demand of friends. There is a capacity edifice programme running within the PPP undertaking which aims to develop the capacity and accomplishment of disadvantage Muslim adult females in the community. Increase their employability and enable them to prosecute to the full in societal, economic, and civic life in the society and besides to increase societal coherence by supplying chance for interaction at a scope of degrees between Muslim adult females and other groups in the society. These purposes are achieved through forming joint work, classs, workshops, and seminars in order to authorise the adult females. The helpline Statistics for the Resource Center from April 2009 March 2010 is best described in the diagrams below: 535 adult females have so far contacted the administration about Domestic Violence and other related issues such as Forced Marriage A ; Sexual Abuse between the period of March 2009 March 2010. The chart shows that 13 % of the issues handled by the administration within the period relates to domestic maltreatment. Some of the undertaking s accomplishments are: Self Employment chance Workshop: This was organized in partnership with and delivered by Business Gateway Glasgow. About 14 adult females attended the workshop where they were sensitized on the demand to be freelance to enable them to be financially dependent. Money Advice workshops: A series of four workshops was organized in partnership with Glasgow metropolis Councils fiscal inclusion squad to supply information about fiscal issues with the purpose of authorising adult females to let them to cover with fiscal issues and troubles. The participants found the workshop really enlightening and educating and this was evidenced by a remark from one of the participants. I thought I could nt manage money and allow my hubby make it all but now I h

Investigation and Analysis of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigation and Analysis of Technology - Essay Example The practise of using social media platforms for various purposes has increased with time. Social media platforms have become avenues for social communication and interaction. In fact, socialisation has increased tremendously as more people become connected to the internet. Facebook, Online gaming, and Twitter are considered the most widely used social media platforms. Millions of people across the world spend considerable time on social platforms interacting in different contexts. Making friends has been reduced to a click of a button. Using social media makes it possible to communicate and share information to many people simultaneously. Additionally, it makes it easy to follow news updates, emerging issues and interact with the world with ease. Online gaming such as Sony PlayStation Network (PSN) offers an entertainment and recreational platform. Twitter on the other hand offers a platform for quick and instant sharing of real time information for socialisation and other contexts as well (Ryan 2-4; Smith 6-7; Christakis and Fowler Web). However, the practice of overwhelming dependency on social media raises alarm as reality sets in. For instance, natural socialisation where people meet face-to-face has been greatly hampered. Overuse of Facebook as a social platform has greatly hampered natural socialisation. ... ent experienced when interacting naturally is evidently missing when social media platforms are used for interaction (Smith 15-17; Christakis and Fowler). Online gamers have been signalled for neglecting their human instincts as they become increasingly addicted to online games. Korea is one of the countries with high number of online gamers. Incidences have been reported whereby, a mother supposedly let her child die of hunger as she was busy feeding an online child. Another person shot his mother when she interrupted his online game and actually stole her credit card to purchase more gaming time. Another child fell on a rail track when playing video game while walking (Smith 1-3). The greatest trade-off, however, is compromise on health. Cases of obesity, overweight and sedentary lifestyles have been greatly attributed to overwhelming use of social media platforms. For instance, many people spend countless hours chatting on Facebook without considering the health implications. Lack of exercise becomes a predisposing factor to so many diseases and health conditions. The situation is even worsened by the fact that many people use social medial platforms for recreation after spending much time sitting in office chairs. Ideally, increased used of social networking has resulted in increased health problems (Ryan 7-11; (Christakis and Fowler Web). For this essay, I interviewed a few of my friends who are of my age. Additionally, interviewed two of my neighbours, who are about 50 years to see what they think of social networking. It was disturbing to see the difference in opinions between these two groups. My friends felt that social networking was the best thing that ever happened to them. According to one of my friends, â€Å"I can have as many identities as possible without

Influence of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influence of Global Warming - Essay Example Influence of Global Warming An increase in the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere can been attributed to human pollutants which are seriously changing the earth’s climate on a large scale. The warming of the earth is a result of industrialization where factories are excessively emitting greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and many others. The millions of cars are also responsible for the emissions of these greenhouse gasses. The greenhouse gasses are responsible for making a layer which insulates the atmosphere and this traps excessive heat from the sun which prevents it from being reradiated back into the space. This results in the generation of more warmth which is commonly referred to as global warming. Global warming in itself is not very wrong but the major cause for concern is the amount of greenhouse gasses emitted which is excessive and has resulted in some of the coldest parts of the earth getting hot to the extent that glaciers are beginning to melt. This causes the levels of the sea to r ise since the quantity of water will be increased which can lead to the displacement of people from their homes. It can be noted that the aspect of global warming is topical issue that has influenced debate across the whole globe. Basically, global warming is the excessive heating of the atmosphere as a result greenhouse gas emissions which will trap excess outward bound heat from radiating into space.

Writing problems for high school students Research Paper

Writing problems for high school students - Research Paper Example On top of the list is the anxiety that many students have when the adjustment to college writing is a necessity. According to â€Å"Writing Anxiety†, since many are not accustomed to it, there is the feeling of mild confusion. As expected, when this issue goes unnoticed and unresolved, it leaves the student in an awkward position. This is because many fear asking questions lest they seem daft but it is not the way it ought to be. In order to resolve this, the teachers should explain in details what college-writing entails. Secondly, letting the students understand that it is normal for anxiety to exist where one has never been before is a great help to them. Additionally, anxiety can also be overcome by showing the students their strengths as opposed to highlighting weaknesses. In other words, whenever a student feels inferior because of not understanding the style of college writing, it is vital to show them that there are other strong areas to focus on. Unlike in high school where students would write using any words, college-level writing prohibits usage of some words. Normally, this puts a block in the inexperienced student’s way because formal language has to be used. For instance, in college writing, the use of pronouns is hardly allowed; colloquialism and abbreviation of names are strictly to be avoided.

Underrepresentation Of Women In Science And Engineering

Underrepresentation Of Women In Science And Engineering Women run the risk of lagging behind in the fields of science and engineering. A wide gap exists between men and women in these fields. Women tend to have overrepresentation in social sciences and humanities, and underrepresentation in science and engineering. Although the number of women in the fields has grown steadily, women remain underrepresented at high levels of these professions. Social norms, culture and attitudes, play a significant role in undermining the role of women in the aforementioned fields. In many cases, the achievement and excellence of women are measured using male oriented standards. Even for those that excel, their salaries are in many cases dissimilar with their male counterparts. However, countries can use several recommendations that can help boost the presence of women in these fields. Inclusion of women in science and engineering is a crucial factor that can significantly accelerate technological advancement in the contemporary society. Discussion Underrepresentation of Women in Science and Engineering There is a marked underrepresentation of women in science and engineering although the contemporary society needs technology most society. Science and engineering are historically According to statistics revealed by Blasdell (19); over 50 percent of the population is composed of women of whom 44 percent is in the workforce but only 13 percent in science and engineering. Recruitment of women in science and technology can help mitigate the drain of engineering talent through the provision significant resources. However, several barriers impede this inclusion and / or advancement of women in science and engineering. Challenges and Reasons for Underrepresentation Social norms and culture come as the most significant factors impeding the advancement of women male dominated professions. Traditions, values and styles lean and suit the male gender has shaped the culture in SET fields. The culture is not suited for the needs of women in social and learning environments. From time immemorial, women are regarded as caretakers where their work is fundamentally taking care of their families. This social norm leads to a stereotypical view on women where many men regard the abilities of women in these fields negatively. As documented by Bystydzienski (24), many men respond negatively on the capability of women to excel in technical (science) and engineering fields. The societal norms dictate that a woman cannot be successful as a mother and a wife while in these career paths. According to the International Labor Organization, science and engineering are associated with pervasive gender roles that encourage women to engage in soft subjects (hawks and Joa n 250). This undermines the excellence of women in the aforementioned fields. Additionally, women who take SET careers are associated with a loss of femininity in their societies (Hall 82). This impedes their development in the fields since they may feel that their intuitive and imaginative styles do not fit to scientific research. Female stereotyping also is a key element among social norms that impede the accomplishments of women in SET. Women scientists are usually featured as atypical women and atypical scientists. This implies that, not only is their deficiency in science attacked, but also their gender identity. Female norms are more associated with collaboration than competition. However, the societal norms set by men are more competitive than they are collaborative. However, women are oriented towards win-win settings (Bystydzienski 39). The competitiveness and desire to prove oneself significantly impedes the desire of women to advance in these career fields. Legal systems to a lesser extent than norms affect womens excellence in science and engineering. In several countries, anti-discriminatory laws require that universities offer differential entry conditions for women. However, the weakness of the legal systems in several other countries (especially developing ones) has left women at a disadvantage in the inclusion of science and engineering programs. Legal trends encourage institutions to alleviate discrimination and other institutional norms and practices that bar women from engaging in SET courses. However, with high levels of female stereotyping in different societies, women still lag behind in their advancement, in these fields (Steel and Emily 91). Female Dominant Science Fields Although few women re found in the engineering field, there are other science fields where there is a sizable number. Nursing is one of the most prominent science professions where women are found. Nursing, as a science, attracts a significant number of female students. Additionally, this field has also been stereotyped, and it is more associated with women than with men. One factor that leads to a high number of female nurses is the negative attitude that a man will look unmanly if he joins the course. Hawks and Joan (257) add that women are capable of interacting better with other people than men are. This implies that women can interact with patients more efficiently in hospitals than men can. Additionally, nursing combines feminine values with professional values of support and care. Furthermore, women are at an added advantage of taking nursing courses since in many cases, men are excluded. Academic Achievement of Women in SET The academic achievement of women in science and engineering remains low. The achievement of women in the fields falters especially immediately after the entry in the first year in universities. According to Hall (102), of the 40 percent of the students who entered university in 2010 in USA, 11 percent were female. Once they join institutions of higher learning, their performance may also deteriorate significantly. Lack of confidence in their capability to balance family responsibilities and science career significantly influences their academic achievements in the fields. Additionally, the portrayal of science and engineering male-oriented courses exacerbate their fears of their excellence. Additionally, in undergraduate science and engineering classes, women in many cases feel isolated. They also feel resented by their male counterparts since they think that their opinions are not respected by their male counterparts. Furthermore, women who have high levels of confidence in science and technology classrooms elicit negative responses from their male counterparts. According to sociologists, women also express lower levels of self-esteem than men in these fields do. The combination of these effects affects the academic achievement of women negatively. Many women will tend to mask their academic abilities to evade alienation and ensure that they achieve social success. Hawks and Joan (108) add that women win acceptance through the loss of personal terms. As he observes, women who achieve highly in these fields are likely to lose their gender roles. To avoid this, women recede to standard gender roles. In such a situation, women do not ask many questions or explore alternative option, but rather, they pursue and follow what they are taught. This significantly affects their academic achievement and thy end up lagging behind their male counterparts. To exacerbate the situation, even with their assumption of standard gender roles, the presence of women in a science o r engineering class draws a lot of attention (Steel and Emily 125). This inundation with social attention creates uncomfortable learning environment that may interfere with their academic achievement and/or progress. In America, women currently earn approximately 41 percent of PhDs in SET fields but make approximately 28 percent of the workforce in these fields. As observed by Nut, the low number of women involved in the workforce is because of high dropout rate in SET field. Decreasing the dropout rate of women in SET careers is significantly essential in the pursuit for gender equality since women in SET jobs earn approximately 35 percent more than in non-SET fields (Blaisdell 24). Cross-gender Disparity in Salaries Albeit the fight for equality in all fields of life, there still exists a wide disparity between the salaries of male and women workers. In the fields of science and engineering, this disparity is highly pronounced. Data collected through the census in the United States depict a significant dissimilarity between the workers in these fields. In 1999, the average salary for female scientists and engineers was almost 22 percent less than that of their male counterparts. However, this was regarded as a significant increase since this reflected a 25 percent increase from the figures posted in 1993. In 1999, among scientists and engineers who had held their degrees for less than 5 years, women earned 83 percent of what men earned. Salary differential at this time depended on the field. In life sciences, women earned 23 percent lesser than their male counterparts while in, computer science, the difference was 12 percent. However, the difference has reduced over the years. In 2009, independe nt surveys by Glassdoor revealed that women earned approximately 93.7 percent of what men earned. This applied for those who had zero to three years of experience. For scientists and engineers who had more than ten years of experience, women earned approximately 89.1 percent of what men earned. Another survey conducted in 2012 reveals that the gap is steadily being close, albeit at a significantly slow pace. Women scientists and engineers with zero to three years of experienced earned 95.2 percent of what their male counterparts earned. For those with over ten years of experience, women earned 92.6 percent of what men earned. Albeit the underrepresentation, it is evident that the salary gap is being closed. Factors such as emphasis on equality between men and women play a noteworthy role in changing these dynamics. Additionally, stereotyping and discrimination are diminishing, and these fields are now more cross-gender than they used to be several decades ago (Hall 124-130). Cross-cultural Differences in Status of Women in SET The status of women in science is in many cases vary from culture to culture. This is because the norms observed by one culture may be different from those of another culture. Studies conducted by Blaisdell (29) indicate a wide disparity in the way different cultures uphold women in science and engineering. These differences are more pronounced in societies that have stuck to their traditions than in the modernized societies. Among the African Americans and other black societies, gender roles are highly emphasized. This implies that women are expected to take care of their families while their male counterparts act as breadwinners. On this note, women need to maintain their femininity in these societies. In these societies, a career in science and engineering is highly associated with a loss of femininity. In this regard, women are regarded negatively in these societies once they take to science and engineering. This cultural stereotyping has significantly contributed to a few black women getting involved in science and technology. Through women empowerment, the number of women taking careers in science and technology in several other cultures or societies has increased. Western cultures are becoming more liberal and, thus, more women are being accepted into these male dominated careers. This increase can be attributed to less strict cultural norms, constitutions promoting equity and discouraging discrimination and government strategies promoting inclusion of women. According to statistics posted by the United Nations (quoted in Blaidell 30), the Asian communities (especially in the United States) have the highest number of women scientists and engineers. Among the Asian communities, SET (science, engineering and technology) courses are considered part of the community. Although their culture also emphasizes on gender roles on women, they show significant liberalism regarding women engaging in science and technology. The above observation indicates that, in soc ieties where cultural norms, discrimination and stereotyping are high, number of women entering into the field of science and engineering is less and vice versa. Opportunities for Women in SET Regardless of the challenges, women engaging in SET fields have a multiplicity of opportunities. In the United States, the government has increased its effort in having women included in Set programs. Through affirmative actions, the entry standards for women into university in SET fields are lower than for men. This is encouraging an additional number of women engage in science and engineering. Additionally, other governmental and non-governmental research centers are including more women than it was a few years ago. Additionally, these institutes engage in campaigns and trainings to raise the number of women in science and engineering. For example, through the Executive Office of the President, NASA was involved in a national convention to encourage girls and women to engage in SET. Through their presence, girls had hands-on experience on NASA activities to inspire them in pursuing SET careers (Steel and Emily 200). Recommendations Based on the challenges facing women in SET, a lot remains undone. Several recommendations can help increase the presence of women in SET. First, the culture and social norms should be redefined to have an increased number of women in SET. As noted by Bystydzienski (209), women need first to adjust to the system with the system in which they have modest prior knowledge. In this regard, women need to develop coping strategies to have high representation in this field. Additionally, the cultural and social norms of the modern societies should change. Stereotyping and discrimination at entry level in universities are some of the most significant challenges for women wishing to engage in SET courses. With government strategies, discrimination and stereotyping can be reduced thus increasing the number of women in SET. Furthermore, a change in the competitiveness in SET can help increase the number of women. According to Blaisdell (21), dissatisfaction and intimidation arise among women wh en faced by competitiveness at work. To mitigate this problem, group activities and non-threatening environments should be encouraged. Additionally, standards for assessment should be reduced to help women feel integrated. Furthermore, connected teaching can help integrate women in science and engineering. In connected classes, truth is constructed through consensus, but not conflict. This helps reduce intimidation among women. Conclusion Inclusion of women in science and engineering can help in the growth of innovation. However, women are significantly underrepresented in SET fields. Social norms and some oppressive legal systems have been found to contribute to this underrepresentation. Even for women who advance in these careers, a marked disparity exists between their salaries and those of their female counterparts. However, women, through government efforts, have a multiplicity of opportunities in advancing in these fields. As identified, several strategies can be used to allay the challenges women face in SET fields. The inclusion of women in SET fields is crucial for growth of innovation thus additional women should be encouraged to join SET courses.

School Prayer :: essays research papers

School Prayer By Danielle Clark Block 1 Speech 105 I. Intro- Contrary to the claims, students have the Constitutional right to pray in school, either individually or in informal groups so long as the prayer is not organized by the school. But if the students only knew what they were really doing by praying in school. II. First of all they are going against the Bible. As to quote, Matthew 6:5-6: "And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners. But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray..." So as you can see those who pray in places such as the cafeteria, middle of the hall or things of that nature is actually going against the bible. Now I am not saying that a person should not pray in schools, but they should do it just as the Bible says in a personal place. If a student can't find a personal place, and have an undesirable need to pray, they need to not make a big deal out of it. Praying as put in the Bible is a personal experience between that person and God. Not an event to be proclaimed up and down the hallway. III. Another problem there is with praying in schools is the fact that there are some students who don't believe in God. The purpose of a democracy is to have the majority decide but yet always respect the rights of the minority. Some administrators, teachers, parents, and most importantly, kids, just feel uncomfortable when it comes to religion. Several factors could be attributed to this problem, from too many religions and religious theories to religious pressure to lack thereof. But whatever the reason some people feel offended by seeing these students pray. They think that their rights are being infringed upon. Well in example, if a shirt some student is wearing offends a person they tell someone about being offended. Someone else is also offended and so they tell someone. These 2 people influenced by what they have heard tell more people. This chain reaction continues until that kind of shirt is not allowed in schools, in example Marilynn Manson shirts. The minority there is the students wanting to wear the shirts; the majority is the people offended by it. The majority spoke and the minority is told to fallow.